The boundary between normal aging and early Alzheimer’s is rarely clear for the untrained eye. Experts rely on long cognitive batteries, expensive brain scans, and invasive biofluid markers. Yet, there’s another, simpler lens on the aging brain—one we use all day, often without thinking: the way we speak. In my recent Review, I mapped how speech and language change in healthy aging and in Alzheimer’s dementia, aiming to address a simple question: what’s “normal” for an aging brain, and what isn’t?

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